---
stage: Enablement
group: Geo
info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#assignments
type: howto
---

# Geo security review (Q&A) **(PREMIUM SELF)**

The following security review of the Geo feature set focuses on security aspects of
the feature as they apply to customers running their own GitLab instances. The review
questions are based in part on the [OWASP Application Security Verification Standard Project](https://owasp.org/www-project-application-security-verification-standard/)
from [owasp.org](https://owasp.org/).

## Business Model

### What geographic areas does the application service?

- This varies by customer. Geo allows customers to deploy to multiple areas,
  and they get to choose where they are.
- Region and node selection is entirely manual.

## Data Essentials

### What data does the application receive, produce, and process?

- Geo streams almost all data held by a GitLab instance between sites. This
  includes full database replication, most files (user-uploaded attachments,
  and so on) and repository + wiki data. In a typical configuration, this will
  happen across the public Internet, and be TLS-encrypted.
- PostgreSQL replication is TLS-encrypted.
- See also: [only TLSv1.2 should be supported](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/omnibus-gitlab/-/issues/2948)

### How can the data be classified into categories according to its sensitivity?

- The GitLab model of sensitivity is centered around public vs. internal vs.
  private projects. Geo replicates them all indiscriminately. "Selective sync"
  exists for files and repositories (but not database content), which would permit
  only less-sensitive projects to be replicated to a **secondary** site if desired.
- See also: [GitLab data classification policy](https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/security/data-classification-standard.html).

### What data backup and retention requirements have been defined for the application?

- Geo is designed to provide replication of a certain subset of the application
  data. It is part of the solution, rather than part of the problem.

## End-Users

### Who are the application's end‐users?

- **Secondary** sites are created in regions that are distant (in terms of
  Internet latency) from the main GitLab installation (the **primary** site). They are
  intended to be used by anyone who would ordinarily use the **primary** site, who finds
  that the **secondary** site is closer to them (in terms of Internet latency).

### How do the end‐users interact with the application?

- **Secondary** sites provide all the interfaces a **primary** site does
  (notably a HTTP/HTTPS web application, and HTTP/HTTPS or SSH Git repository
  access), but is constrained to read-only activities. The principal use case is
  envisioned to be cloning Git repositories from the **secondary** site in favor of the
  **primary** site, but end-users may use the GitLab web interface to view projects,
  issues, merge requests, snippets, and so on.

### What security expectations do the end‐users have?

- The replication process must be secure. It would typically be unacceptable to
  transmit the entire database contents or all files and repositories across the
  public Internet in plaintext, for instance.
- **Secondary** sites must have the same access controls over its content as the
  **primary** site - unauthenticated users must not be able to gain access to privileged
  information on the **primary** site by querying the **secondary** site.
- Attackers must not be able to impersonate the **secondary** site to the **primary** site, and
  thus gain access to privileged information.

## Administrators

### Who has administrative capabilities in the application?

- Nothing Geo-specific. Any user where `admin: true` is set in the database is
  considered an administrator with super-user privileges.
- See also: [more granular access control](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/18242)
  (not Geo-specific).
- Much of Geo's integration (database replication, for instance) must be
  configured with the application, typically by system administrators.

### What administrative capabilities does the application offer?

- **Secondary** sites may be added, modified, or removed by users with
  administrative access.
- The replication process may be controlled (start/stop) via the Sidekiq
  administrative controls.

## Network

### What details regarding routing, switching, firewalling, and load‐balancing have been defined?

- Geo requires the **primary** site and **secondary** site to be able to communicate with each
  other across a TCP/IP network. In particular, the **secondary** sites must be able to
  access HTTP/HTTPS and PostgreSQL services on the **primary** site.

### What core network devices support the application?

- Varies from customer to customer.

### What network performance requirements exist?

- Maximum replication speeds between **primary** site and **secondary** site is limited by the
  available bandwidth between sites. No hard requirements exist - time to complete
  replication (and ability to keep up with changes on the **primary** site) is a function
  of the size of the data set, tolerance for latency, and available network
  capacity.

### What private and public network links support the application?

- Customers choose their own networks. As sites are intended to be
  geographically separated, it is envisioned that replication traffic will pass
  over the public Internet in a typical deployment, but this is not a requirement.

## Systems

### What operating systems support the application?

- Geo imposes no additional restrictions on operating system (see the
  [GitLab installation](https://about.gitlab.com/install/) page for more
  details), however we recommend using the operating systems listed in the [Geo documentation](../index.md#requirements-for-running-geo).

### What details regarding required OS components and lock‐down needs have been defined?

- The supported installation method (Omnibus) packages most components itself.
- There are significant dependencies on the system-installed OpenSSH daemon (Geo
  requires users to set up custom authentication methods) and the omnibus or
  system-provided PostgreSQL daemon (it must be configured to listen on TCP,
  additional users and replication slots must be added, etc).
- The process for dealing with security updates (for example, if there is a
  significant vulnerability in OpenSSH or other services, and the customer
  wants to patch those services on the OS) is identical to the non-Geo
  situation: security updates to OpenSSH would be provided to the user via the
  usual distribution channels. Geo introduces no delay there.

## Infrastructure Monitoring

### What network and system performance monitoring requirements have been defined?

- None specific to Geo.

### What mechanisms exist to detect malicious code or compromised application components?

- None specific to Geo.

### What network and system security monitoring requirements have been defined?

- None specific to Geo.

## Virtualization and Externalization

### What aspects of the application lend themselves to virtualization?

- All.

## What virtualization requirements have been defined for the application?

- Nothing Geo-specific, but everything in GitLab needs to have full
  functionality in such an environment.

### What aspects of the product may or may not be hosted via the cloud computing model?

- GitLab is "cloud native" and this applies to Geo as much as to the rest of the
  product. Deployment in clouds is a common and supported scenario.

## If applicable, what approach(es) to cloud computing will be taken (Managed Hosting versus "Pure" Cloud, a "full machine" approach such as AWS-EC2 versus a "hosted database" approach such as AWS-RDS and Azure, etc)?

- To be decided by our customers, according to their operational needs.

## Environment

### What frameworks and programming languages have been used to create the application?

- Ruby on Rails, Ruby.

### What process, code, or infrastructure dependencies have been defined for the application?

- Nothing specific to Geo.

### What databases and application servers support the application?

- PostgreSQL >= 12, Redis, Sidekiq, Puma.

### How will database connection strings, encryption keys, and other sensitive components be stored, accessed, and protected from unauthorized detection?

- There are some Geo-specific values. Some are shared secrets which must be
  securely transmitted from the **primary** site to the **secondary** site at setup time. Our
  documentation recommends transmitting them from the **primary** site to the system
  administrator via SSH, and then back out to the **secondary** site in the same manner.
  In particular, this includes the PostgreSQL replication credentials and a secret
  key (`db_key_base`) which is used to decrypt certain columns in the database.
  The `db_key_base` secret is stored unencrypted on the file system, in
  `/etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json`, along with a number of other secrets. There is
  no at-rest protection for them.

## Data Processing

### What data entry paths does the application support?

- Data is entered via the web application exposed by GitLab itself. Some data is
  also entered using system administration commands on the GitLab servers (for example
  `gitlab-ctl set-primary-node`).
- **Secondary** sites also receive inputs via PostgreSQL streaming replication from the **primary** site.

### What data output paths does the application support?

- **Primary** sites output via PostgreSQL streaming replication to the **secondary** site.
  Otherwise, principally via the web application exposed by GitLab itself, and via
  SSH `git clone` operations initiated by the end-user.

### How does data flow across the application's internal components?

- **Secondary** sites and **primary** sites interact via HTTP/HTTPS (secured with JSON web
  tokens) and via PostgreSQL streaming replication.
- Within a **primary** site or **secondary** site, the SSOT is the file system and the database
  (including Geo tracking database on **secondary** site). The various internal components
  are orchestrated to make alterations to these stores.

### What data input validation requirements have been defined?

- **Secondary** sites must have a faithful replication of the **primary** site's data.

### What data does the application store and how?

- Git repositories and files, tracking information related to the them, and the GitLab database contents.

### What data is or may need to be encrypted and what key management requirements have been defined?

- Neither **primary** sites or **secondary** sites encrypt Git repository or file system data at
  rest. A subset of database columns are encrypted at rest using the `db_otp_key`.
- A static secret shared across all hosts in a GitLab deployment.
- In transit, data should be encrypted, although the application does permit
  communication to proceed unencrypted. The two main transits are the **secondary** site's
  replication process for PostgreSQL, and for Git repositories/files. Both should
  be protected using TLS, with the keys for that managed via Omnibus per existing
  configuration for end-user access to GitLab.

### What capabilities exist to detect the leakage of sensitive data?

- Comprehensive system logs exist, tracking every connection to GitLab and PostgreSQL.

### What encryption requirements have been defined for data in transit - including transmission over WAN, LAN, SecureFTP, or publicly accessible protocols such as http: and https:?

- Data must have the option to be encrypted in transit, and be secure against
  both passive and active attack (for example, MITM attacks should not be possible).

## Access

### What user privilege levels does the application support?

- Geo adds one type of privilege: **secondary** sites can access a special Geo API to
  download files over HTTP/HTTPS, and to clone repositories using HTTP/HTTPS.

### What user identification and authentication requirements have been defined?

- **Secondary** sites identify to Geo **primary** sites via OAuth or JWT authentication
  based on the shared database (HTTP access) or a PostgreSQL replication user (for
  database replication). The database replication also requires IP-based access
  controls to be defined.

### What user authorization requirements have been defined?

- **Secondary** sites must only be able to *read* data. They are not currently able to mutate data on the **primary** site.

### What session management requirements have been defined?

- Geo JWTs are defined to last for only two minutes before needing to be regenerated.
- Geo JWTs are generated for one of the following specific scopes:
  - Geo API access.
  - Git access.
  - LFS and File ID.
  - Upload and File ID.
  - Job Artifact and File ID.

### What access requirements have been defined for URI and Service calls?

- **Secondary** sites make many calls to the **primary** site's API. This is how file
  replication proceeds, for instance. This endpoint is only accessible with a JWT token.
- The **primary** site also makes calls to the **secondary** site to get status information.

## Application Monitoring

### What application auditing requirements have been defined? How are audit and debug logs accessed, stored, and secured?

- Structured JSON log is written to the file system, and can also be ingested
  into a Kibana installation for further analysis.
